The Effects Of Drug Abuse On Sports - 779 Words

For my supporting article I will be researching my topic on drug abuse in sports. I have found many topics to talk about and the first one I have chosen to write about is steroids in sports. I wanted to choose this topic because I’m a very athletic person myself and I thought that this topic is perfect for me, I found my research on www.health.ny.gov/publications/1210/ and from here this is how I got all my information from. Many athletes now a days are taking steroids, why is that? Is it to make a squad, or impress a member of the opposite sex? There really isn t a right or wrong answer to why athletes feel the need to take performance enhancing drugs. However ones psychological state, genetic mishaps, or even performance pressures from the coaching staff, can lead an athlete to steroids. Anabolic-androgenic steroids are man-made substances related to male sex hormones. Anabolic generally relates to muscle building while androgenic refers to increased masculine characteristics. Steroids are available legally, but under certain circumstances. They are legally available only by prescription from a doctor, to treat conditions that occur when the body produces unusually low amounts of testosterone, such as delayed puberty and some types of impotence. They are also prescribed by doctor to treat body wasting in patients with diseases such as AIDS that result in loss of lean muscle mass. Abuse of anabolic steroids can lead to serious or even fatal health problems. Steroids areShow MoreRelatedPerformance Drugs Should Not Be Legal1498 Words   |  6 PagesPerformance Drugs Should not be Legal The Center for Disease Control and Prevention did a survey on high schoolers grades 9th through 12th and found out the 4.4% to 5.7% of boys and that 1.9% to 3.8% of girls have used illegal steroids (Fernandez and Robert). High schoolers are not the only ones that take performance enhancing drugs, all sorts of athletes and even nonathletes take them. Taking performance enhancing drugs harms the human body in so many different ways like it harms the Hormonal SystemRead MoreShould Athletes Use Performance Enhancing Drugs?935 Words   |  4 PagesRoy Shurn Jr English 12 Ms. Terry 11/20/14 PED users in sports Everyone wants to win and everyone loves a winner. Athletes are a competitive group and if you are good enough to get into professional sports, you can achieve fame and fortune would you cheat to accomplish? This is the question that many athletes have to answer? What do I mean by cheating? I mean the use of performance enhancing drugs. How many records were made and broken by athletes that used these enhancements. â€Å"AccordingRead MoreSteroids And Other Performance Enhancing Drugs1407 Words   |  6 PagesSteroids in Sports Introduction The debate over athletes using steroids and other performance-enhancing drugs has always been a hot-button issue in the sports world. From major league athletes in baseball and football; to track stars and bicyclist in the Olympics, the use of steroids in sports has been a wide-range problem. Those who disagree with the use of steroids and other performance-enhancing drugs say that the athletes who use them are breaking the rules and getting an unfair advantage overRead MoreCase Study : Mr. Big Of New Zealand 1624 Words   |  7 Pagesslurred speech and hard-to-follow thought processes) to spread a message before he dies. That message is: DO NOT ABUSE ENHANCMENT DRUGS AND STEROIDS. Justin’s primary method of achieving his size was to experiment with whatever enhancement drug he could get his hands on including steroids. He basically turned his body into his own scientific guinea pig experimenting with enhancement drugs of all kinds to find the quickest way to gain size and strength. Justin is only thirty-nine years old and probablyRead MoreAnabolic Steroids : Use And Performance Enhancing Drugs1516 Words   |  7 Pagesperformance enhancing drugs like anabolic steroids has been a debatable topic in the United States as early as the 1950’s. Former U. S. Representative Howard Berman expresses that â€Å"Steroids can seem necessary to compete at the highest level, and the quick rewards may seem to outweigh the long term consequences to users.† The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) states that countless athletes, both young and old, face life threatening illnesses due to the use of performance-enhancing drugs, some of whichRead MorePerformance Enhancing Drug Abuse1511 Words   |  7 PagesPerformance enhancing drug abuse is a growing problem in adolescents and athletes. According to the Partnership for Drug – Free Kids, more than five percent of teens use performance enhancing drugs, or steroids increase muscle. Performance enhancing drug abuse creates addiction, the mental tension and pressure that coaches and peers bring to inferior athletes this draws teens and athletes to engage in these products, further encouraging teens to partake in the use of performance enhancing drugs, with long-termRead More Performance Enhancing Drugs in Sports Essay examples1507 Words   |  7 PagesPerformance Enhancing Drugs in Sports When involved in sports, you have to be competitive. You need to win more than anybody else. However, athletes are taking winning to the extreme. As the use of performance enhancing drugs is becoming more popular amongst athletes, many of them do not understand the risks involved in taking these drugs. Many people are looking for a quick way to build muscles, or to get stronger the fastest way possible. Using these performance aids may very well be aRead MoreHow Athletes Can Compete On A Level Playing Field1238 Words   |  5 PagesEnglish-111-26 6 December 2015 Doping in Sports â€Å"It s important that athletes can compete on a level playing field. And youngsters coming into the sport can know that if they are working hard and training hard, they ll see a true reflection of where they stand and what they can achieve worldwide and not be swayed by people who are cheating.† This was said by Paula Jane Radcliffe, English long-distance runner and Olympian. Cheating is and never has been a good thing. In sports there are many different formsRead MoreAnabolic Steroids: and the High School Athlete1528 Words   |  7 Pagesthe High School Athlete Anabolic steroid abuse has become a national concern among high school athletes. There has been a dramatic increase in the number of athletes using these performance enhancing drugs in high school almost double the number using since the 1980s. These athletes feel that steroids gives them the competitive edge that they think they need to boost themselves past the competition. Steroids have been used in bodybuilding and other sports since the 1950s. Nowadays, athletes fromRead More Anabolic Steroids and the High School Athlete Essay1495 Words   |  6 PagesSchool Athlete Anabolic steroid abuse has become a national concern among high school athletes. There has been a dramatic increase in the number of athletes using these performance enhancing drugs in high school almost double the number using since the 1980s. These athletes feel that steroids gives them the competitive edge that they think they need to boost themselves past the competition. Steroids have been used in bodybuilding and other sports since the 1950s. Nowadays, athletes from

Australopithecus Free Essays

The fossilized remains of this 3 year-old early human child are often referred to as belonging to ‘Lucy’s baby’ since she was found only a few miles south from where Lucy was found Lucy over two decades earlier, even though the child’s fossil is actually 100,000 years older than famous Lucy. She is nicknamed ‘Selam’ after the Amharic (Ethiopia’s official language) word for ‘peace,’ and is the most complete early human child known up until Neanderthal times. Prior to Selam’s discovery, researchers knew very little about early human growth patterns as the early human fossil record consists of few children. We will write a custom essay sample on Australopithecus or any similar topic only for you Order Now Because Selam’s baby teeth erupted in a pattern similar to a three-year-old chimpanzee’s, researchers now know A. afarensis children shared a chimpanzee’s fast growth rate. But her brain size indicates that a human growth rate was evolving. CT-scans of her skull show small canine teeth forming in the skull, telling us she was female. Her partial skeleton is made up of a nearly complete skull and torso, and several limb bones—her legs indicate she could walk upright, but other skeletal features showed she could also climb trees. The hyoid bone beneath her neck looks ape-like, and her gorilla-like collarbone and long, curved fingers show significant tree-climbing. Image Credit: Zeresenay Alemseged How to cite Australopithecus, Papers

Health and Safety Accidents in the Workplace

Question: Describe about the Report of Health and Safety for Accidents in the Workplace. Answer: Introduction Accidents in the workplace can have a significant impact on an organization. Accidents may affect a business through direct or hidden costs that may have an impact on productivity, reduce sales, lessen staff morale, or even lead to the closure of the firm (Clarke 2016). In the event of an employee getting injured due to an accident in the workplace, they are entitled to compensation claims in many countries (kerstedt et. al 2002). Employers have a responsibility to ensure safety in their workplace and to make employees understand their role in preventing accidents in the workplace (Rival et al. 2011). They need to be aware of accidents in the workplace, and ways to eliminate the hazards. Employers should provide a framework that prevents employees from the risk of accident identified in the workplace (Akerstedt et al. 2002). They need to question themselves regarding how much they will spend on risk management to save money lost due to expenditure in accident cases (Sadgrove 2016). I njuries caused due to accident proves to be costly not just for employers but for employees too (Rival, et al., 2011). Therefore, promoting a safe and healthy environment in the workplace is beneficial for all the members in the particular work environment (Akerstedt et al. 2002). This dissertation proposal seeks to establish the extent to which preventive measures in the workplace can save an organization costs related to accidents in the workplace. Background of the Research Workplace accidents and injuries cause the organizations to spend millions of dollars a year globally. These are the expenditures that come out of the profits of the companies and make them face losses even after the completion of a successful business year. Establishment of safety and health management systems in the organizations can reduce the accidents and injuries up to 40% (Goetsch 2013). However, a considerable amount of money is still at stake due to the accidents and injuries. Organizations dealing with hazardous business activities are the ones to hit the most as a part of their business and this decreases their productivity and reduces the employee morale. Safe workplaces are the essentials for providing the reliability and consistency required for growing a business and building up a community (Reason 2016). However, this problem has not been considered from the perspectives of the employees working on the site and therefore, the present study is aimed at viewing the rese arch problem from a different perspective as quality production is not possible in an unsafe working environment. Aim of the Study This research paper is aimed at analyzing the topic Prevention of accidents in the workplace saves organizational costs. A qualitative analysis will be carried out for identifying the causes of accidents in the workplace and how they can be controlled. The study is also aimed at saving the organizational costs by preventing accidents and eliminating workplace hazards. Objectives of the Study To identify the causes of accidents at the workplace. To identify the preventive measures to reduce accidents. To explore the financial benefits of the organization due to reduction in accidents. Research Questions The research questions in this study have been framed by the researcher using the PICO framework. The research questions have been provided below. What are the causes of accidents at the workplace and how are the employees related? What are the applicable preventive interventions for controlling accidents in a workplace? How the organization will be benefitted in terms of organizational costs? Rationale of the Study The major of this research is the occurrence of the accidents at the workplace. Organizations with hazardous business activities often face the problem of workplace accidents and this considerably hits the business. Not only the companies face financial loss, but it also loses some of the industrious employees either due to degraded health conditions or even death. The present research will be conducted to identify the reasons for the accidents in the workplace and will investigate the preventive measures that can be taken to avoid the accidents, saving the organizational costs and its employees. In addition, the limitations of the study will be discussed and the future recommendations will be provided by the researcher for further research. Research Structure Literature Review The literature identified on the topic focused on workplace accidents, their impact, benefits accrued from precautionary measures and the downside of lack of precautionary measures. This section will first evaluate statistics on accidents in the workplace, then discuss literature related to the causes of accidents in the workplace and follow it up with an analysis of the costs associated with accidents in the workplace. Statistics on accident in workplace Statistics from the UK Health and Safety Executive (HSE) indicate that during the period of 2014-2015, more than half of the fatal injuries were of three main categories; falls from height, being hit by a vehicle and being hit by an object in motion (HSE 2015). At least 36% of the fatal workplace accidents involved combined incidences of falls, slips, and trips (HSE 2015). The falls, slips and trips were responsible for almost six out of ten specified injuries and nearly three out of ten were over seven-day injuries in the workplace. According to the HSE data collected over seven days in various workplaces, handling was the most common cause of injury in the workplaces observed (HSE 2015). It estimates that at least 2.1 million working days were lost due to injuries acquired from handling errors, slips, and trips The numbers and rates of injuries vary greatly between industries (Hughes and Ferrett 2015). This variability can be attributed to the different nature of work and actions i n various industries although transport and storage reported more injuries than manufacturing and construction (HSE 2015). However, the rate of reporting of injuries is not necessarily proportional to the prevalence of injuries in the workplace (HSE 2015). For instance, while human health and social care had the largest number of slip and trip injuries to employees with 1,325 cases over the data collection period, the rate of slip and trip injuries is greatest in water and waste industry with 106.1 per 100, 000 employees (HSE 2015). The construction industry accounted for most of the injuries specified to fall injuries (a fifth of the overall) and also had the highest rate of injuries due to falls from heights with nearly 49.7 injuries per 100,000 employees (HSE 2015). For accidents involving moving objects that struck people, manufacturing led the ranks with 397 incidents in the duration of data collection and there were 261 accidents in the manufacturing sector arising from lifting, handling carrying (HSE 2015). However, despite the high incidence, manufacturing did not have the highest incidence rate involving moving objects and lifting, handling or carrying. The water and waste industry led in these incidents with (43.9 and 19.9 accidents per 100,000 employees, respectively. In relation to gender, nearly twice as many men were injured/or were somehow involved in workplace accidents. There were 11,409 injuries to males and 6,668 to females in the data collection period (HSE 2015). However, regarding specific injuries, women had more slips and trips than men with 4,042 injuries among females, and 3,640 among males (HSE 2015). However, injury in the workplace is not dependent on the gender but on the role a person plays in the organization. There might be some work which has more risk of exposure to accidents for employees. For example, employees working in steel manufacturing industry are more exposed to risk due to the nature of the job (Nordlf et al. 2015). The task is cumbersome and demanding for the body and people are in danger for crushing injuries and burns. It is also seen that metal worker take long-term sick leaves (more than 90 days) more than normal workers (DeRigne et al. 2016). Although such companies ensure safe working condition through reg ular safety audit and risk analysis, risk management is also dependent on reigning safety culture of the organization (Nordlf et al. 2015). Many accidents have occurred in the body due to poor safety culture. The safety culture and risk-taking at an organization is determined by acceptance of risk, the individual responsibility of security, the balance between productivity and safety, the importance of communication and internal and external condition. The interplay between these factors has an impact on risk taking the behavior of organization (Glendon et al. 2016). One study carried out a statistical analysis of occupational injuries among workers in the food industry. The data related to occupational injury in the food industry of Ukraine was investigated for the period of 2003 to 2011. It also analyzed the number of male and female employee injury. According to Statistics Committee of Ukraine, 91000 people were injured between 2003 and 2011. About 65% male and 35% female employee were injured, and more than 540 employees died (Evtushenko and Klepikov 2013). It analyzed that lethal accidents leading to death occur due to transport accident, falling, the collapse of machinery, etc. It was also found that the significant injury in food industry employees occurs due to a breach of labor disciplines, construction drawbacks, limitation of goods quality, lack of safety requirements in the technological process and defects in building, construction, capital goods and transport (Gould 2013). Exploration of reasons for injuries is useful in developing effective methods to minimize the gap in infrastructure and prevent occupational injury and trauma among workers (Evtushenko and Klepikov 2013). Leading cause of accidents in workplace: According to Rivaz et al. (2011), the leading cause of accidents in the workplace is neglecting safety measures. This is probably the most dangerous oversight an employee at any level of the organization can make as intentional or unintentional disregard of safety procedures endangers not only the individual's life, but also the lives of others in the workplace and the organization as a whole (Jiang and Probst 2015). Unconcernedly following safety procedures is not a recommended course of action either. Also, individuals in organizations should strive to follow laid out safety procedures and not their own (Rivaz et al. 2011). Gold et al. (1992) reported fatigue is a major contributor to accidents in the workplace because when employees push themselves or are forced to work beyond their limits, exhaustion can set in and cause impaired judgment or lack of coordination. One study was done to examine fatigue among nurse working in acute care setting. It analyzed that work-related fatigue negatively has an impact on patient safety and the performance of nurse. In the presence of fatigue, error in nursing practice occurs, and it may lead to hazardous consequences for patients. It unnecessarily increases the extra cost of employers. Nurses often have to work for longer shift leading to higher rate of fatigue and medical errors and accident (Smith-Miller et al. 2014). The study evaluated that individual work pattern, culture, and policies of organization influences work-related fatigue in the organization (Williamson and Friswell 2013). Therefore, it requires a multifaceted approach to reducing work-related fatig ue and contribution of both staffs and employees is necessary. This will be possible only when contributing factors for fatigue is identified, and intervention methods are designed accordingly (Smith-Miller et al. 2014). According to Hmlinen, Saarela and Takala (2009), stress is also a stress causative agent. Factors such as health issues, interpersonal relations, job security and finances can cause stress and employees may become disconcerted. Ming lu et al. assessed the association of psychosocial factors with work-related injury among Korean worker. It was based on survey questionnaires which questioned the Korean workers about their hour of work, a risk factor in workplace and effect of work and injury. It was found that nearly fourfold skilled workers take leaves due to occupational injury compared with those in the low-risk job. The study concluded that workplace violence and job strain are the key psychosocial factors that contribute to work-related injury and absenteeism (Lu et al. 2014). Workplace injury and illness negatively affects the outcome of work and perception of safety environment in the workplace. This is also a reason for stress in employees, job dissatisfaction and increased rate of employee turnover. One study tried to evaluate the influence of workplace injury on safety perception of employees and how it has an impact on employers well-being and organizational commitment. The results showed that hazardous accidents in the workplace lead to poor perception about safety environment in the organization and this perception ultimately mediate the relationship between injuries and its variable outcome of job stress, turnover rate, and job satisfaction. This study emphasized the need to engage in enhancing the work conditions to make it safer so that overall performance of employees improves (McCaughey et al. 2013). Carrying out repetitive work has been associated with pressure on nerves and leads to conditions such as the carpal tunnel syndrome caused by repetitive tasks that pressurize the median nerve and lead to numbness and pain in the wrists, hands, and fingers (Clarke 2016). Data entry operators, typists, and employees at beauty salons are at high risk of developing this particularly painful condition which can lead to an inability to move as required and handle machinery leading to accidents in the workplace (Clarke 2016). The lifting of heavy objects and generally lifting has been associated with back injuries from accidents in the workplace (kerstedt, Fredlund, Gillberg and Jansson 2002). As kerstedt et al. (2002) observed, employees may pull muscles or have back injuries due to lifting excessively heavy objects, not lifting objects with proper posture or lifting heavy objects for too long which coupled with health issues, leads to many accidents in the workplace. Security issues can also lead to accidents in the workplace. When violent outbursts occur in the workplace, uninvolved individuals may be injured in the confrontation. Unauthorized individuals may access the workplace and cause violence. On the other hand, employees can also cause violence due to disgruntlement with work-related or personal issues. Workplaces have to stay cautious of individuals without a legitimate reason to be there, and suspicious packages (Hopel, Sparks and Cooper 2001). Cost associated with workplace accidents Guadalupe argues that the more accidents that occur in the workplace, the most direct costs of compensation and insurance and indirect costs (2003). The costs of accidents in the workplace are backed up by data from the HSE that put the cost of injuries and illness in the workplace between 2014 to 2015 at 14.3 billion (HSE 2015). Most of the expenses are borne by employees while the government and organizations bear the rest (Moore and Viscusi 2014). Considering the costs associated with accidents in the workplace, it is important to have preventive measures in place to safeguard against the risks. Also, precautionary measures aid in mitigation of the risks when they take place. Accidents in the workplace may have an impact beyond the workplace. For instance, the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear reactor in the Ukraine led to adverse effects on the environment and community and global implications (Blokov et.al 2009). Following the disaster, many studies were carried out to investigate how safety in the workplace mitigates against risks such as damage to the environment and injuries to employees and those near the workplace. From the studies, it was established that preventive measures go a long way in minimizing accidents in the workplace and their impact (Blokov et. al. 2009). To develop a fall prevention guidelines and recommendation in the workplace, literature identified the incidence of fall, injury patterns and actual medical cost of occupational injury due to fall in Qatar. The common injuries were caused to the spine, head and chest. The cost to the employer included emergency medical services cost, operating and intensive care cost, rehabilitation and many another cost. It is a significant financial burden for work provider. To reduce their cost in injury cases, they should impose strict regulation and occupational laws to maximize injury prevention efforts (Tuma et al. 2013) Methods The research methods chapter provides a detailed account of the research procedure in a logical and technical manner. It justifies and explains the methods that the researcher will be adopting in completing the research. Various aspects of the research like design, approach and philosophy will be discussed in this chapter along with the method of data collection, sources of data, sampling and the ethical considerations of the research. The researcher for this research will select qualitative analysis and will safer on the thematic analysis. Thematic analysis is the commonest form of analysis used in qualitative research. Data sets are developed that are based on the phenomenal description and are aimed at answering the research questions. For the research, the researcher will develop specific research questions that will be answered in the course of the research. From the literature review chapter, it can be seen that several research works have been conducted by the researchers and a gap have been identified. What are the common sources of accidents and how they can be diminished from the perspectives of the employees is the identified gap that the researcher will fulfill in this study. Method Outline The researcher will answer the research questions by conducting a thematic analysis where the researcher will be interviewing the employees of three organizations from the major working levels undertaking hazardous business activities and where accidents are common. These cost the organization heavily and therefore, the researcher will find a way out to reduce the accidents and therefore, save the organizational costs. Research Philosophy Research philosophy helps the researcher to derive essential and pertinent knowledge about the research. Primarily, there are four different types of research philosophy that include positivism, realism, interpretivism and post-positivism. Positivism research refers to the cross-sectional study that is based on the already existing facts. Realism is the longitudinal study and interpretivism is the data interpretation as an element of the cross-sectional study. After the establishment of the positivism philosophy, post-positivism research takes place (Rudnick 2014). The researcher for this research will select realism research philosophy as the researcher will collect the data from primary and secondary sources for completion of the study. Research Design Primarily three types of research designs are employed for qualitative research. These are descriptive, explanatory and exploratory. Descriptive research design has clearly identified research problems and research objectives and the researcher relates the findings to the subjects of the research. For establishing a set of variables, explanatory variables are useful and exploratory design is employed for the researches where questionnaire identification of the research problems has not been made (Landsheer and Boeije 2010). Descriptive research design will be chosen by the researcher since the aims and objectives of the research have been identified and full description of the research topic can be obtained from this research design. Research Approach Two types of research approaches are used in a research study and they are deductive and inductive. The deductive approach consists of moving towards a more detailed process where the acquired knowledge is streamlined using data testing procedures. The inductive research process is dependent on the theories of the research and the research is emphasized on the existing theories rather than on the experimental data (Smith and Firth 2011). Inductive research approach will be selected for this research as the researcher will conduct his research after thorough understanding of the research topic from secondary data sources. Appropriate recommendations and conclusion will be provided based on the inductive research approach. Data Collection Technique Qualitative data analysis will be the preferred technique for this research study where the researcher will collect data from the sources that will be utilized in this study. The researcher will employ two data sources for collection of data and they are primary and secondary. Data collected from these sources will enrich the researcher to draw a detailed conclusion to the study. Primary data sources include the data that is collected by carrying out a research study on the sample population. Secondary data sources include the information from academic sources like journals, websites and books. This will be helpful for the researcher as knowledge about the previous research works and existing information on the research topic. Settings and Participants Primary data source that will be included in this study by the researcher will be the employees of three companies in UK that are engaged in hazardous business activities. The researcher will select companies from three different segments that will include oil and gas company, a chemical company and a construction company. The researcher has selected these organizations of UK as these the organizations that are mostly engaged in hazardous activities and many employees get injured badly during the processes of performing their daily business activities. These costs the organizations financially to greater extents and therefore, the research work carried out by the researcher will considerably help the organizations in reducing the accidents and saving the costs. Data collection will be done by conducting interviews, focus, action research and observation as they will serve as the data collection tools. The data collection process will be subjective in nature and will provide an in dep th and rich knowledge on the research topic. The employees from all the levels of the organizations will be interviewed either personally or by forming focus groups. Preferably, the supervisors and managers will be the target population for interviews and they will be the samples for the study. Open-ended questions will be asked and in case the participants are not reachable for the study, they will be mailed the set of questionnaire and they will be expected to return them after filling. The questionnaires will be formulated by the researcher based on the research questions for satisfying the research objectives. Empirical data collected by the researcher by this research technique will provide an in depth knowledge of the research topic and will be beneficial in carrying out further research work on this. Qualitative data will help to provide information on the real life situation of the interview participants and samples. Ethical Considerations The research protocol that will be designed by the researcher will follow a code of conduct that will help in the identification of the wrong and right codes of behaviors for carrying out the research work. The researcher will acquire the required authorizations and permissions from the selected organizations prior to interviewing their employees. Informed consent will be obtained from the supervisors and managers literature interviewing them (Van den Hooff and Goossensen 2015). The information gathered by the researcher will be kept confidential and will not affect the sentiments of any business personnel, community and person. The data obtained will be used exclusively for the academic purposes and not for any commercial purposes. Secondary data sources employed for the research by the researcher will be of relevant and genuine origin. Data Analysis Data collected from the interviews and focus groups will be critically reviewed by the researcher. Keeping in consideration the research questions, the researcher will analyze the response of the study participants regarding their perception of the sources of accidents and the potential initiatives that can prevent them. Since the researcher will be collecting data from three organizations, there will be ample scope for investigating the actual reason for the accidents in workplace and how the employees recognize them. Action research and observation will help the researcher to acquire the knowledge regarding the occurrence of accidents and how it affects the health of the employees. This provides a direction to the researcher to find the possible ways to prevent accidents in the workplace. The response of the study participants will be summarized based on the principles of thematic analysis and the similar types of responses will be grouped together. This is followed by analyzing th e group responses from the participants and identifying the common facts that are indicative of the reasons for the occurrence of accidents and how they can a. Further analysis of the accident prevention policies will save the organizational costs by the maintenance of occupational health and safety protocol. Critical analysis of the responses of the study participants will save the organizational costs significantly by reducing accidents and eliminating workplace hazards. Limitations Even with it being that the research process would be in some way manageable, it goes without saying that the entire process of working to discover more about all that individuals would have to say about safety at the workplace would come with certain limitations. For instance, not all employees who would be integrated as part of the interviewing process would provide extensive and factual information regarding the issue of safety at the workplace (Aires, Gmez and Gibb 2010). This is because some employees might withhold information due to their fear of being laid off for disclosing the level negligence amid their employers concerning work safety. Furthermore, the research process would require a large proportion of resources in order to be completed thus leading to delays in the research activities. Moreover, this research would require a great amount of time to be executed effectively. In order to get people to easily open up with the problems they encounter at the workplace, one w ould be required to infiltrate different organizations by learning individuals culture at the workplace in order to make other employees feel like they were communicating with their fellow worker. Conclusion On the whole, it can be concluded that literature reviewed for this dissertation proposal gave the right direction for carrying out research. It helped in getting information about the incidence of workplace injury and the extent to which affects the life of both employers and employees. The gaps identified in the literature helped in getting idea about what is lacking in the study and what factor has not been investigated before. This was the basis for finalizing the methodology of the research and getting a perception about the future plan for the research. The study stressed the need to develop proper preventive strategies to prevent accidents in the workplace and improve the perception about the particular workplace related safety requirement and regulation in place within the organization. It is expected it will be a useful research work which will focus on the rate of accidents in the workplace and how it has an impact on overall productivity as well as the performance of emplo yees. This research will be useful in identifying the gaps in safety requirement in workplace and then determining what can be done to design an appropriate prevention plan for reducing injury. It will help in minimizing the extra cost incurred on accident cases and reduce risk to quality of life of worker at workplace. References Aires, M.D.M., Gmez, M.C.R. and Gibb, A., 2010. Prevention through design: The effect of European Directives on construction workplace accidents. 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Statistics - Workplace injury - all industries. Retrieved from https://www.hse.gov.uk/Statistics/causinj/index.htm Hughes, P. and Ferrett, E., 2015.Introduction to Health and Safety at Work: For the NEBOSH National General Certificate in Occupational Health and Safety. Routledge. IABlokov, A. V., Nesterenko, V. B., Nesterenko, A. V., Sherman, J. D. (2009). Chernobyl:consequences of the catastrophe for people and the environment. Boston, Mass,Published by Blackwell Pub. on behalf of the New York Academy of Sciences. Jiang, L. and Probst, T.M., 2015. The relationship between safetyproduction conflict and employee safety outcomes: Testing the impact of multiple organizational climates.Work Stress,29(2), pp.171-189. Landsheer, J.A. and Boeije, H.R. 2010, "In search of content validity: facet analysis as a qualitative method to improve questionnaire design : An application in health research",Quality and Quantity,vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 59-69. Lanoie, P., 1992. The impact of occupational safety and health regulation on the risk of workplace accidents: Quebec, 1983-87. Journal of Human Resources, pp.643-660. List, G.F., Mirchandani, P.B., Turnquist, M.A. and Zografos, K.G., 1991. Modeling and analysis for hazardous materials transportation: Risk analysis, routing/scheduling and facility location. Transportation Science, 25(2), pp.100-114. Lu, M.L., Nakata, A., Park, J.B. and Swanson, N.G., 2014. Workplace psychosocial factors associated with work-related injury absence: a study from a nationally representative sample of Korean workers.International journal of behavioral medicine,21(1), pp.42-52. Martin, V. B., Gynnild, A. 2011. Grounded theory: the philosophy, method, and work of Barney Glaser. Boca Raton, BrownWalker Press McCaughey, D., DelliFraine, J.L., McGhan, G. and Bruning, N.S., 2013. The negative effects of workplace injury and illness on workplace safety climate perceptions and health care worker outcomes.Safety science,51(1), pp.138-147. Moore, M.J. and Viscusi, W.K., 2014.Compensation mechanisms for job risks: wages, Workers' Compensation, and product liability. Princeton University Press. Nenonen, N., 2013. Analysing factors related to slipping, stumbling, and falling accidents at work: Application of data mining methods to Finnish occupational accidents and diseases statistics database.Applied ergonomics,44(2), pp.215-224. Nordlf, H., Wiitavaara, B., Winblad, U., Wijk, K. and Westerling, R., 2015. Safety culture and reasons for risk-taking at a large steel-manufacturing company: Investigating the worker perspective.Safety science,73, pp.126-135. Perttula, P., Merjama, J., Kiurula, M. and Laitinen, H., 2003. Accidents in materials handling at construction sites. Construction Management and Economics, 21(7), pp.729-736. Reason, J., 2016.Managing the risks of organizational accidents. Routledge. Rivas, T., Paz, M., Martn, J.E., Matas, J.M., Garca, J.F. and Taboada, J., 2011. Explaining and predicting workplace accidents using data-mining techniques. Reliability Engineering System Safety, 96(7), pp.739-747. Rudnick, A. 2014, "A Philosophical Analysis of the General Methodology of Qualitative Research: A Critical Rationalist Perspective",Health Care Analysis,vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 245-254. Sadgrove, K., 2016.The complete guide to business risk management. Routledge. Siebert, W.S. and Wei, X., 1994. Compensating wage differentials for workplace accidents: evidence for union and nonunion workers in the UK. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 9(1), pp.61-76. Smith, J. and Firth, J. 2011, "Qualitative data analysis: the framework approach",Nurse researcher,vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 52. Smith-Miller, C.A., Shaw-Kokot, J., Curro, B. and Jones, C.B., 2014. An integrative review: fatigue among nurses in acute care settings.Journal of Nursing Administration,44(9), pp.487-494. Tuma, M.A., Acerra, J.R., El-Menyar, A., Al-Thani, H., Al-Hassani, A., Recicar, J.F., Al Yazeedi, W. and Maull, K.I., 2013. Epidemiology of workplace-related fall from height and cost of trauma care in Qatar.International journal of critical illness and injury science,3(1), p.3. Van den Hooff, Susanne L and Goossensen, A. 2015, "Ethical considerations on the value of patient knowledge in long-term care: a qualitative study of patients suffering from Korsakoff's syndrome",Nursing ethics,vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 377-388. Williamson, A. and Friswell, R., 2013. Fatigue in the workplace: causes and counter measures.Fatigue: Biomedicine, Health Behavior,1(1-2), pp.81-98.

Theories of Aging free essay sample

The disengagement and the activity theory were the two major theories that outlined successful aging in the early 1960s. The disengagement theory was created by Cumming and Henry and the activity theory was developed by Robert J. Havighurst both in 1961 however these theory’s are very different. The disengagement theory of aging states that people are more likely to withdraw from life as they get older because of their decrease in physical, intellectual, emotional and social skills and their abilities to do certain things, their interests and expectations of how they should behave lower. It suggests that they willingly retire from work, relationships and disengage from roles, preferring to follow an inactive life and freely give up their traditional, normal ways of behaving, becoming less and less friendly and companionable and sometimes hostile in their interactions. The theory claims that it is natural and acceptable for older adults to withdraw from society as they go through changes that will change their life, Retirement is an expected life event in everyone’s life and can effect the elderly very badly as they may not go out anymore or interact with anyone this will lower their social skills and could make them feel as though they don’t have anyone to talk to making them feel depressed and lonely, disengaging could lead to the individual developing dementia, depression or any other mental conditions. We will write a custom essay sample on Theories of Aging or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Elderly may disengage because of their physical state they may be unable to get out of the house and meet people because of disability or mental condition, they could also be unhappy with the way they look as their appearance will change they may become more wrinkly and get grey hair making them feel older this could lower their self esteem The activity theory argues that older people need to stay mentally and socially active in order to limit the risk associated with disengagement and doing this will make the aging process delay and the quality of life will be enhanced, when old people remain socially active and keep busy with a full round of daily activities and preserve a positive attitude to life they will feel younger and more able. The activity theory is beneficial for your health and happiness as keeping active will keep you fit and staying social with people that make u happy will boost your mood, this is good for the older generation as they can become distant and this can make them fell lonely and depressed. They should do what best suits their age, things that are calming and not to active and maintaining their joy until death. However, as people become older, events such as retirement and bereavement lower their social life loosing a husband or wife who might have been the only social companion they have would lower their social skills so they might have to find new friends or join a club to keep their social life active. Older people should have roles and be occupied in order to maintain their physical, intellectual, emotional and social skills this will improve their quality of life. As they are older their physical development may decrease their chances of having an active lifestyle, things such as walking or moving could be a struggle for many old people making it hard for them to be successful in the activity theory, an example of an activity that could benefit older people with this theory is going to day centres this could help them because they will be doing other activities in the centre that could keep them active things such as fitness, day centres also help the elderly with their social skills as they would be meeting new people and communicating more, as they will be doing new activities within the centre things such as bingo, sudoku or quizzes this will widen their intellectual skills. In the day centre they may feel that because of their struggle to do certain activities that other people can do that they will feel different or be segregated from other people making their self esteem drop but on the other hand the other elderly people at the centre a re their for the same reasons.

How to Make Napalm B - Chemical Synthesis of Gelled Sol

How to Make Napalm B - Chemical Synthesis of Gelled Sol Napalm is the name given to any jellied form of gasoline or other flammable petroleum. It is used for circumstances where the liquid is too hard to apply or else wont stay where it is placed.  Napalm B, more usually just called napalm, is an example of a gelled sol. This easy napalm synthesis is an interesting introduction to sols and gels. Materials 35 g polystyrene (e.g., Styrofoam or other polystyrene foam, used for insulated cups and packing peanuts)100 ml gasolinematches or a lighter Procedure Break the polystyrene into small chunks. Sometimes you can find polystyrene foam beads, which will work fine without any additional processing.Pour 100 ml of gasoline into a glass container, such as a 250 ml beaker. Any similar-size glass container is fine.Stir in the polystyrene, a little at a time. The polystyrene foam will fizz and seem to dissolve, although this really is the formation of the gelled sol.When all of the polystyrene has been added, there should be no remaining liquid gasoline. The glass container will contain a semi-rigid sol. Observations and Experimentation with Napalm and the Gelled Sol In an outdoor location, away from heat or flame, invert the container of gelled sol. Notice that it will resist flowing out of the container. Although the sol is a liquid, it behaves like a solid in that it maintains its form.If the sol does not fall out of the glass container, gently tap it to dislodge it. Note the characteristics of Napalm B that make it a gelled sol.On a fire-safe surface, ignite the napalm. If you like, compare the combustion of napalm with the combustion of 100 ml of gasoline. Safety This project is best performed outdoors since gasoline vapors are volatile and toxic. Wear protective goggles and gloves to protect yourself from the splashing of the liquid. Use care when igniting the napalm. Its advisable to have a fire extinguisher handy. This project is intended for mature chemistry students. Keep all materials away from children and pets. Reference: Robert Bruce Thompson, Illustrated Guide to Home Chemistry Experiments All Lab, No Lecture (2008) OReilly, pp. 326-329.

Solving Common Typing Problems

Solving Common Typing Problems Theres nothing like typing away on a paper, only to find that youre not actually typing what you thought you were typing! There are several problems you can encounter with a keyboard that can drive you nuts, especially if youre on a deadline. Dont panic! The solution is probably painless. Some Letters Wont Type Sometimes a tiny piece of debris can get stuck under a few of your keys. If you find that a certain letter won’t type, you may be able to fix the problem by using a compressed air duster and gently blowing off your keys. Buttons Are Sticking Keyboards get very dirty sometimes, especially if you have a tendency to snack and type. You can clean a keyboard yourself (laptop or desktop), but it may be safer to have it cleaned by a professional. Numbers Wont Type There is a numbers lock button near your keypad that turns the pad on and off. If your numbers won’t type, you’ve probably pressed this button by mistake. Letters Are Typing Numbers It can be scary to type words and see nothing but numbers appearing! This is probably an easy fix, but the solution is  different for every type of laptop. The problem is you have numlock turned on, so you need to turn it off. This is sometimes done by pressing the FN key and the NUMLOCK key at the same time. Typing Over Letters If you are editing a document and are surprised to find that you are suddenly typing over words instead of inserting between words, you have accidentally pressed the Insert button. Just press it again. That key is an either/or function, so depressing it once causes it to insert text, and pressing it again causes it to replace text. Cursor Is Jumping This is one of the most frustrating problems of all, and it seems to be related to using a laptop with Vista or Windows XP. One possible solution is adjusting your touchpad settings. Secondly, you could disable tapping during input. To find this option with XP, go to: Control panelMouseAdvancedAdvanced feature settingsTapping and feature settingsTapping settingsDisable tapping If this doesn’t work, you can try installing Touchfreeze, a utility developed to disable your touchpad while you are typing text. Text Disappears Mysteriously If you accidentally highlight a block of text and type any letter, you replace all the selected when you type. This can happen in an instant, often without even noticing it. If you find that a lot of your text has disappeared, try hitting the undo function several times to see if your text reappears. If not, you can always hit redo to get back to where you started. Keyboard Keys Arent Functioning This isnt a common issue, but when it happens, either some or all keys stop working  or certain features of the keyboard such as backlighting may stop working. This can result from a low battery, so try plugging the computer in. It can also result in form liquid in the keyboard, causing the keys to short out.  Use compressed air between the keys and let the keyboard sit to dry for a while. Try using it again after it has dried  completely.

Courtship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Courtship - Essay Example Imitating the striking colors and enticing odors nature endows on other living creatures for necessitating mutual attraction which is a prerequisite to sexual consummation, women have adopted sexual statements through their attire and perfumes. Even though men have also taken up this task eventually, the amount to which a female tries to attract someone from the opposite sex through ‘make-up’ is much higher. The most prominent aspect through which sexual suggestiveness is achieved is the use of lipstick. In psychoanalytical readings, the symbolic significance of lips is related to the genital organ, and the ways in which women try to highlight their lips reveals their subconscious longing to express themselves sexually. In every culture, a young woman with deeply colored lips sends the message of sexual desirability. The innovations in women’s attire through the centuries had been amazing. The restricted innovativeness in men’s attire makes clear which gender is more interested in attracting the other through dress. While the inner wear of men serves a functional purpose except in very few exhibitionistic instances, women’s inner wear is under a constant flux of fashion statements. Likewise, the general dress patterns of women undergo much more changes than men’s dress could ever aspire to. There is not much scope for men to accentuate their body parts through their dress while women could choose from varying levels of suggestiveness and exposure through clever ways of dressing. The cosmetic products aimed at female customers abound supermarkets while there are only a few number of such products for men. The time an average woman spends on a hairdo or her skin tone is sufficient to explain the presence of so many women-centered cosmetics in the market. The general grooming of a girl to become a proper lady takes place from the moment she is born, while boys are not generally trained to acquire as many qualities to

Manufacturing of Porous Steel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Manufacturing of Porous Steel - Essay Example The new industrial methodology for manufacturing and producing Porous Steel is a relatively new invention and was patented only recently in 2006-2007 through its Korean inventors Rin-soon, Yongsang, Wonjong-dong, Ojeong-gu, and Bucheon. (WO/2007/018403) Porous steel is a special type of steel which requires a method of manufacturing steel through special preparation of the metallic bodies with plural cores which are coated and then rearranging them in contact with each other in a certain position which allows the pores to be formed there between, and thus the arranged metal bodies are heated to be point welded. (WO/2007/018403) The above mentioned Porous methodology allows the pores formed in the porous special steel to be flexible enough to be able to change according to the size of the metallic bodies. This further allows other special steels to be manufactured with ease and flexibility according to the kind of cores and coating metals. (WO/2007/018403) Porous Steel manufacture relates to a method of manufacturing the special steel in diverse shapes and sizes due to its flexible pores. This is a novel invention in a time of heavy industrial development whereas the improvement in life environment necessitates an increasing need in the Steel industry for flexible raw materials. Porous steel is different from the traditional metallic steel products in the sense that they are found in powdery or other solid forms but the porous special steel with its flexible shapes and sizes has appeared in the various industrial uses and works better than ordinary steel by securing sufficient pores therein. This property of the metal allows to also serve a filtration purpose which having a function of filtering particles contained in gas or liquid can then be utilized as a highly efficient heat resistant material due to its qualities of excellent air permeability and conduciveness to heat. There is however a problem which can technically hinder the use of the porous steel. The conventional method of making Porous steel consists of a number of steps for example it will include the salts to be welded to each other and placed in a press die ,where as the raw metal will have lower fusion points. (Lee et al 2007) However the problem is that not only does this require a heavy use of equipment (like the use of magnanimous press dies in order to permeate the salts and metal into the raw metal) but the welding process can prove to be a nuisance in itself. (Lee et al 2007) However the inventors have also presented a new methodology to get around these complications with ease by the arrangement of metallic bodies in which a plurality of cores thereof is coated with metal. Such a method warrants better achievement of the dexterous task of manufacturing porous special steel, which is capable of manufacturing even complex-shaped special steel with ease. This will involve the coating of the cores of the metallic bodies with ferromagnetic metal. Then these metallic bodies will be magnetized to allow the arrangement to build a magnetic force between the metallic bodies. (Molin et al 2008). The method allows for the provision of easily manufacturing special steel alloys based on various cores and coated metals which are then capable of changing the

Thomas Hobbes Essay Example for Free

Thomas Hobbes Essay Thomas Hobbes was an Englishman who wrote the Leviathan during the English Civil War in the 17th century. Naturally Hobbes spends chapter five, and most of the Leviathan describing how to avoid internal conflict. Hobbes argues that by using logical reasoning and eliminating disagreement a state can avoid internal conflict. Hobbes begins chapter five with a definition for reason and the operations that are involved. Hobbes continues his explanation of reason by describing the proper use of reasoning and how absurdity arises. He elaborates on errors and absurdities, explicitly their causes. Hobbes ends chapter five with his description of the connection between reason and science. Hobbes describes reason as the summation of information, or the analyzing of the repercussions of the actions to which we are reasoning for or against. Particularly, the consequences others will pay in one’s attainment of their goal. Hobbes describes operations used by mathematicians: addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division; Logicians use the same operations but with words. Politicians use these same operations to delegate duties among men. Hobbes elaborates, â€Å"In sum whatsoever the matter, a place for addition and subtraction, there is also a place for reason; and where these have no place, there reason has nothing at all to do†(32). Addition and subtraction are not caged in mathematics; these operations are also the foundation of reason. Hobbes then explains that reason does not exist without fault. Even the most capable, attentive, practiced men can reach false conclusions. Just as mathematicians can make mistakes in their calculations, no mans reason is certain even if approved by many. Hobbes states that reason can be driven by ulterior motives. Men create reasoning that will help to push their agenda and reach their intended goal. Hobbes explains that when we are using reason we must proceed cautiously. Man must carefully analyze the foundation of his reasoning. Hobbes then describes how an error and absurdity can occur. Relying on knowledge of previous reasoning can lead one to a different outcome; this is what Hobbes defines as an error. When one draws a conclusion based on false assumptions, this is what Hobbes defines as absurdity or senseless speech. However, Hobbes further explains that an error is a deception, there is no way to truly determine whether it is impossible. Hobbes argues that the phrase free will is absurd. The word free itself is not free from opposition. Hobbes argues that philosophers are the most guilty of preaching absurdities, â€Å"Nothing so absurd, but may be found in the books of philosophers†(34). Unlike mathematics, there is no solid foundation of information to work upon. Hobbes then explains how these absurdities arise. In seven points Hobbes explains that absurdity arises from the preaching of unaccredited philosophies and improper estimation of ramifications of applying said philosophies. Hobbes argues that a man can avoid absurdity by properly analyzing consequences of actions in order to reach a particular goal. A man must have a good foundation of principles in order to reason logically. Hobbes states that reason is not inherent, nor can it be obtained by experience only. There is no right reason constituted by nature. One must properly identify the components involved in their reasoning and have a solid method of operation to analyze the ramifications of one’s actions. Hobbes explains the connection between science and reasoning, â€Å" Science is simply the knowledge of consequences, and dependence of the one fact upon another†(35). To Hobbes, the process of science is reason. In practicality man should use prudence in reasoning, however many profess their sapience, using alternative untested methods to yield the same results. Rather than rely on the credited work by authors, they create their own version of reasoning and mode of operation. Hobbes argues that this philosophical reformation is necessary to the preservation of peace. This reformed logical reasoning will be easily applicable to everyone. If a state promotes the use of practical logic as definite as geometric logic, the state could avoid internal warfare. Hobbes argues that we must not accept that something is true just because many believe it to be true. In order to properly analyze the truth, the people must appoint a leader to judge and determine the proper way to deal with issues that face the state. Hobbes states that the only way to eliminate internal conflict is to eliminate disagreement. By subduing to a higher power that promotes logical reason rather than false philosophies, a state can eliminate internal conflict.

Chaucers Canterbury Tales - Knights Tale :: Chaucer Knights Tale Essays

Chaucer's Knight's Tale: Now you See it, Now you Don't  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the Matthean discourse on sin and the kingdom of heaven, Jesus says, "And if your eye causes you to sin, pluck it out and throw it from you; it is better for you to enter life with one eye than with two eyes to be thrown into the hell of fire." (Matt.19.9). Yet this homily is perhaps better known through the compressed poetry of the King James translation. "If thine eye offend thee, pluck it out." Grahically and even grotesquely materialized, the "eye" is that which offends, that which slides, with terrible corporeality, from the body to the table. In this proverb of the visual, "it" or that which requires excision in the offense, is the self, in an erasure of exteriority. There is no object, no objective "it" that offends. The gaze and its object are coterminous: the eye becomes the screen, the site of truth--both agent and vehicle of retributive justice. Vision never leaves the body, but sits at its margins--or only leaves it when the eye is thrown away, and the world becomes en capsulated in a broader metaphoric range: myself, the hole where my eye was, and the eye lying across the room. I begin with this embodied proverb, in part because it troubles, and has always troubled me, rising in the dark with its self-reflexive and impossible logic. It also haunts the margins of all discourse on vision, informing the point of slippage between self and object we look on, the trap, as Lacan writes, of the gaze (93). In his moving seminaires on the eye and the gaze, Lacan speaks of the all-seeing spectacle of the world, the inside-out structure of the gaze that fixes us in front of what we see (75): "What determines me, at the most profound level, in the visible, is the gaze that is outside." (106) Unlike the it of the Matthean proverb, Lacan's eye stands apart from the interplay between subject and object, the ocelli as distinct from the gaze; yet both texts seem to describe the act of vision in terms of a radical discontinuity between what we see and the self that perceives it: both have us fixed before a world--and in Matthew we respond like Oedipus, with self-castration. In Chaucer's Knigtht's Tale, a tale rich in overlays of visual narratives, one of the first accounts of the operations of the gaze effects a similar kind of inversion, one fully authorized by medieval amatory metaphysics.

MS 13

The MS 13 Gang has become one of the most notorious street gags in the United States. Like most gangs, MS 13 has a number of distinguishing features which can identify the gang and separate it from the various other gangs that exist in the modern urban landscape. The average age of an MS 13 gang member is 16. This comes as a shocking fact to many people since that would peg the gang as primarily a teenage gang. While the average age of the gang may be 16 there is a great deal of diverse ages throughout that gang as a whole. That is, there are members of the gang who range in age from 13 – 38. Many of the older members are those who have been gangs for life. The gang is also well known for its propensity to cover themselves in tattoos. However, there are those who are moving away from this because the tattoos have a tendency to identify members of the gang easily. MS 13 also uses a hand sign known as the â€Å"devil's head.† This is similar to forming an upside down letter â€Å"M† with the fingers. The gang's colors are blue and white which are in honor of the flag of El Salvador. The hierarchy of the gang is well organized having a number of chapters all over the United States. This shows significant growth from the early days when the gang was initially only based in California. This shows that the stage the gang is in is that of one that operates internationally as it has a presence in the United States and Latin America as well. MS 13 stands for Mara Salvatrucha which essentially means Salvadoran Gang Member. The number 13 is used because it is representative of luck. The gang has become one of the most powerful and well organized of all the gangs in the United States. The roots of the gang in the United States date back to the early 1980's. There was a major civil war occurring in El Salvador and during this time period many Salvadoran immigrants fled their native land during the war torn unrest that was occurring in their home country. There are two origins for the gang's early days. One version states that the Salvadoran immigrants mixed with the other Hispanic gangs at first. Later, they would eventually form their own gang – one which more clearly displayed their country of origin's roots. The other version of the origin of the gang centers on the notion that the Salvadoran immigrants formed their own gang so as to protect themselves from other gangs in their neighborhoods. MS 13 is heavily involved involved in drug trafficking and immigrant smuggling. The gang is also involved in protection rackets, contract killings and other criminal activity. The revenue fueled by these pursuits has allowed MS 13 to grow in numbers and influence. This has occurred despite significant efforts by law enforcement to curtail the gang's activities and growth. The gang's primary geographic strongpoint is southern California where it has always maintained a strong presence. The gang, however, has grown in numbers and influence and has spread to many other regions of the United States. It is believed that the total number of MS 13 members is roughly 130,000 Bibliography Walker, Robert. (2004) â€Å"MS 13† GANGS OR US. Retrieved April 12, 2008 from http://www.gangsorus.com/MS13.htm                     

Modeling and Simulation of Wind Turbine System

Chapter 5 Modeling and Simulation of Wind Turbine SystemSTANDALONE WIND ENERGY SYSTEMSize OF WIND SYSTEM COMPONENTSThe sizing methodological analysis adopted for the bing Wind power system for the small town Umrikheda is explained consistently as follows:Calculation of electric burdenThe burden of small town Umrikheda 150 kWh/day can be operated by the proposed base entirely weave energy system. The elaborate size methodological analysis adopted for day-to-day electrical burden of the distant small town Umrikheda which is operated by the present WIND system is given in below Table 5.1. Table 5.1: Electrical burden of small town UmrikhedaS. No.Energy ingestion ( Wh/day )1Families98,5002Street illuming15,8003School26,5004Others9200Entire150 kWh/dayThe entire day-to-day electric burden of the small town The designed burden for the air current energy system must be higher than the entire electrical burden of the location because at the clip of operation burden fluctuations and power losingss are occurs in the air current turbine system. The designed burden for the air current turbine system From equation ( 5.2 ) the day-to-day electrical ingestion for planing of air current turbine energy system is obtained as 225 kWh/day. The factor 1.5 is known as Fudge factor. This accounts for efficiency losingss, wiring and interconnectedness losingss and besides the battery charging and discharging losingss in the WES constituents.size of air current turbineThe selected air current turbine must fit the air current features at the site and it should bring forth optimal energy with a high capacity factor ( CF ) to run into the electrical energy demand. The Turbine size is determined utilizing Eq. ( 5.4 ) . Based on the power equation of air current turbine the diameter of turbine is considered 18 m so that the swept country of the air current turbine for the bing power system is obtained with the usage of diameter. The power equation for air and turbine are given as follows. Where ? is the air denseness and its value is 1.225, CPhosphorusis power coefficient with changeless value 0.59, A is the swept country of the selected air current turbine and V is the mean hourly air current velocity of the location which is 4.5 m/sec. based on Eq. ( 5.4 ) the power of one air current turbine is obtained as 8.38 kilowatt. The entire figure of wind turbine required to carry through the load demand of the location is 27 turbines each of 8.38 kilowatt capacities.Sizing of battery bankThe battery bank size in kW hr can be determined by the Eq. ( 5.5 ) . For bettering life of battery and for back-to-back cloudy yearss the figure of autonomy yearss is considered as 3 yearss in the proposed air current power system. The deep cycling will be occasional during nebulose yearss and therefore better the battery life. The three yearss of liberty was used by zero energy visitants centre ( ZEVC ) located at the Van Ness Campus of University of the District of Columbia as reported in 2006 by the Center of Excellence for Renewable Energy ( CERE ) [ 7 ] . Battery bank Size Here the figure of autonomy yearss is considered 3 yearss and the maximal deepness of discharge for the battery bank is taken 75 % . The size of battery bank is 900 kWh calculated by Eq. ( 5.5 ) .Capacity of battery bankThe capacity of the battery bank in ampere-hours can be evaluated by spliting the safe energy storage required by the DC electromotive force of one battery as shown in Eq. ( 5.6 ) . In the bing system we have chosen the evaluation of battery is 12 V and 350 Ah. Harmonizing to the obtained capacity of the battery bank from Eq. ( 5.6 ) , another determination has to be made sing the capacity of each of the batteries of that bank. The battery bank is composed of batteries that are connected in series and in parallel harmonizing to the selected battery electromotive force evaluation and the system demands.Number of batteriesThe entire figure of batteries is obtained by spliting the capacity C of the battery bank in ampere-hours by the capacity of one of the battery selected in ampere-hours which is calculated by Eq. ( 5.7 ) . The figure of batteries required for the system is obtained from the Eq. ( 5.7 ) is 214.28 which is rounded to 216 batteries. The connexion of batteries can easy be figured out by happening out the figure of series and parallel affiliated batteries. With system DC-voltage of 48 V, the figure of batteries connected in series is obtained by Eq. ( 5.8 ) . The figure of series connected batteries is determined by Eq. ( 5.8 ) which is 4. With the usage of this value we can cipher the batteries connected in analogue or the figure of strings by Eq. ( 5.9 ) which is as follows. No. of strings ( batteries connected in analogue ) The figure of parallel strings of four series connected batteries is determined by Eq. ( 5.9 ) . The entire figure of batteries is 216 which can be arranged in 54 parallel strings and each of the twine consists of 4 series connected batteries. The Ah capacity of battery bank gets added when batteries are connected in analogue and remains same when batteries are connected in series.Converter sizingThe convertor size is chosen as it fulfills the burden demand when the system is non runing. The dc electromotive force of the bing system is 48 V so the convertor must be chosen which takes the Ac end product from the air current turbine and change over it into 48 V District of Columbia. The evaluation of convertor should ne'er be lower than the system evaluation, it is ever 10 % higher than the system evaluation. The size of convertor for the present system can be calculated by Eq. ( 5.10 ) . The mean power of the contraptions that may run at the same time at the same clip is taken as 40 kilowatt. So the needed convertor must be capable of managing 40 kilowatt.Cost OF SYSTEM COMPONENTSCost of turbineTurbine is dwelling of four chief constituents as Blades, Hub, nose cone and tower. The cost of all these constituents is sums up for finding the entire cost of air current turbine. The below look shows the entire cost of turbine as follows. In the present survey we have used WES 5 Tulipo type air current turbine. The cost of one air current turbine is a‚? 51000 and the entire cost of air current turbine is obtained as a‚? 1,377,000.Cost of battery bankThe cost of battery bank can be calculated on the footing of existent size of the battery bank. Cost of battery bank can be calculated by the Eq. ( 5.12 ) . The cost of one battery bank is multiplied by the entire figure of batteries to cipher the coat of battery bank. The cost of one battery of bank is a‚? 13000 as reported by SECO [ 6 ] and besides reported in website [ 13 ] .Cost of convertorThe cost of convertor can be calculated by below Eq. ( 5.13 ) The cost of convertor determined by Eq. ( 13 ) is a‚? 178479824.Capital investing cost of air current energy system ( CO)The capital cost of air current power system includes the construction cost and the cost of land used for the system. In the present survey the land required for puting air current turbines and batteries is 5000 pess2. Cost of land in the proposed small town Umrikheda is 555.5 Rs/feet2. So, the entire monetary value of land is a‚? . 2,800,000 approximate. The capital investing cost of the air current system is calculated by below Eq. ( 5.14 ) . The balance of system or construction cost is about 20 % of the entire air current system constituent cost which is widely assumed all over the universe as reported by SECO [ 6 ] Besides, assume that cost of securing the land for the air current energy system is 20 % of the entire air current system component cost. Based on these premises, the capital cost ( CO) for the air current system is determined utilizing above combining weight. ( 5.14 ) .Operating and care cost of the systemThe operating and care cost for the proposed system is 2 % of the capital cost of the system. The computation of the operating and care cost is as given by Eq. ( 5.15 ) The operating and care cost of is added to the capital investing cost of the system to happen out the modified cost of the system. So, the modified capital investing cost of the system is a‚? 10,734,233.24 with the usage of Eq’s. ( 5.14 ) and ( 5.15 ) .LIFE CYCLE COST ANALYSIS FOR WT SYSTEMReplacement cost of battery bank systemIn the present Wind energy system the life of air current turbine and the battery is considered as 30 old ages and 5 ears severally and the life rhythm cost analysis is based on the life clip of both the turbine and the battery. The subsidised involvement rate usually offered by authorities sectors in India to advance the usage of renewable energy applications is 4 % . So, we have taken the rate of involvement is 4 % for our system. In India the old batteries are replaced on the discount of 7 % on entire cost of battery. With the premise of unvarying replacing of battery throughout the life of the system the replacing cost of battery bank after 5 old ages is calculated by Eq. ( 5.16 ) In the present system the replacing cost of batteries is obtained as a‚? 2611440.Present Battery bank costThe present cost of battery bank for future investings at every five old ages interval can be determined by combining weight. ( 5.17 ) as follows: ( 5.17 ) The present battery bank cost is obtained as a‚? 7547648.06 with 4 % involvement rate. 4 % is the subsidised involvement rate usually offered by authorities sectors in India to advance the usage of renewable energy applications. In this life rhythm cost analysis the salvage value ( S ) of WT system at the terminal of 30 old ages life was assumed equal to the present cost of balance of system since the depreciation of balance of system was considered tantamount to the rate of escalation in the monetary value of structural steel per kilogram.Present Salvage value of WT systemThe present salvage value of the system can be calculated by Eq. ( 5.18 ) Net Present cost of WT systemNet present cost of WT system ( CInternet) is determined as summing up of capital investing ( CO) , all other cost constituents converted into present cost and subtracted by present salvage value. The net present cost of PV system was determined utilizing Eq. ( 5.19 ) as follows: Annualized Lifecycle Cost of WT systemThe annualized life rhythm cost of WT power system over the 30 old ages lifetime is expressed mathematically utilizing Eq. ( 5.20 ) [ 14 ] as follows Capacity use factor ( CUF )The capacity use factor can be calculated by the undermentioned Eq. ( 5.21 ) . The CUF is calculated to ease the unit cost of electricity. The CUF is obtained by the above Eq. which is basically a step of electrical energy generated per KW of installed capacity per twelvemonth.Capital recovery factor ( CRF )The below Eq. ( 5.22 ) shows the look of capital recovery factor. It is used to find the sum of each hereafter rente payment required to roll up a given present value for known values of involvement rates and figure of payments. 4 % is the subsidised involvement rate usually offered by authorities sectors in India to advance the usage of renewable energy applications.Unit of measurement cost of electricity ( UCE )Using the capacity use factor the unit cost of electricity can be calculated by below Eq. ( 5.23 ) . Where COis the capital cost, m is the fraction of capital cost used on operation and care of the system and P is the capacity of the air current power coevals system.Payback periodThe EPBT signifies clip period required by energy output for counterbalancing the energy investings on the Stand Alone Wind Turbine power works. The energy payback clip for the bing SAWT system installed on steel construction over the land surface can be calculated based on the below Eq. ( 5.24 ) . The payback period for the proposed Wind Turbine system is calculated as 14.43 old ages with a‚? 9 Per unit cost of the system running for 30 old ages.Carbon monoxide2EMISSION MITIGATION AND CARBON CREDIT POTENTIAL FROM PROPOSED SAWT SYSTEMThe C recognition potency of Wind power system is determined on the footing of entire sum of CO2emanations extenuation from the system in its life clip. The Co2emanation and C recognition potency are given by the below expression.Co2emanation mitigated from WT systemConversion of Energy through Wind Turbine ( WT ) system is one of the more dependable and environmental friendly renewable energy engineerings which have the possible to lend significantly in the development of sustainable energy systems for coevals of power. It besides plays an of import function in CO2emanations extenuation. To cipher the entire CO2emanations mitigated from the present SAPV power system a mathematical calculation is carried out. The mean strength of CO2emanation from coal thermic power works in India is 1.57 kg/kWh [ 1, 16 ] . The entire extenuation of CO2emanations from the bing SAWT system for 30 old ages life can be calculated utilizing Eq. ( 5.25 ) as follows: ( 5.25 ) A air current turbine power system does non disperse immense sum of heat energy into the environing environment and saves a big sum of CO2emanations. Hence, WT systems are eco friendly systems and a good option for power coevals and must be preferred where electricity is non available or grid power is costlier. Carbon Credit potency of proposed WT system The entire sum of C recognition earned by proposed Wind Turbine power system can be calculated by the undermentioned Eq. ( 5.26 ) as follows. ( 5.26 ) The factor considered in Eq. ( 5.26 ) is a‚? 1760/ton of CO2extenuation represents the pecuniary value of one C recognition for extenuation of 1 ton of CO2emanation [ 18 ] .Consequence of C recognition potencyThe CO2emanation extenuation from the bing power system is estimated as 88.31 tons/year from Eq. ( 5.25 ) for n peers to 1 twelvemonth. The entire CO2emanation mitigated by bing PV system in 30 old ages life clip is estimated utilizing Eq. ( 5.25 ) as 2649.375 dozenss. The C recognition from the bing WT system is obtained utilizing Eq’s. ( 5.25 ) and ( 5.26 ) . The C recognition affects the unit cost of electricity produced from non-polluting WT power system.ConsequenceThe life rhythm cost analysis is carried out for the presented standalone Wind Turbine power system and the cardinal consequences obtained are listed in Table 5.4. The unit electricity cost utilizing Wind Turbine systems were estimated as a‚? 9/kWh for the involvement rate of 4 % , 30 old ages life of WT system and 5 old ages life of battery bank. Table 5.2: Consequences of WT power systemS.No.ComponentCost ( a‚? )1Wind Turbine1,377,0002Battery bank2,808,0004Converter1,784,798.45Capital investing10,734,233.246Battery replacing2,611,4407Salvage value3,313,034.958Net nowadays value14,968,882.359 10 11Unit of measurement cost of electricity Carbon monoxide2emanation mitigated Carbon recognition earned9/kWh 2649375 dozenss or 88.31 tons/yr a‚? 4519833.75 or a‚? 150661.125/yrThe energy consumed by the burden per twelvemonth was determined as 56250 kWh/year and matching CO2 emanation mitigated is estimated as 88.31 tons/year. The entire CO2 emanation mitigated by bing PV system in 30 old ages life clip was estimated utilizing Eq. ( 5.25 ) as 2649.375 dozenss.

Branches of government Essays (553 words) - Constitutional Law

Branches of government Essays (553 words) - Constitutional Law Branches of government The Constitution provides for a system of separation of powers, checks and balances so that the government would not have all its powers intensely focused in the hands of only a few officials or one branch of government to rule. The Separation of Powers was arranged by systematic planning and united efforts by the framers of the Constitution to provide a system of shared powers which we call Checks and Balances. There are three branches of government in the Constitution: the first branch is the Legislative branch; the second is the Executive Branch and the third is the Judicial Branch. The Legislative branch is made up of the House of Representative and the senate which together form the United States Congress. The powers to be in this branch are set up in Article I of the Constitution. They are to pass, change, repeal laws; raise or lower taxes; pay debts; borrow money; provide for the common defense, regulate commerce and immigration; and to declared war. The Executive branch is composed of the President, Vice President, cabinet members and departments and agencies. The president carries out federal laws and recommends new ones, directs national defense and foreign policy, and performs ceremonial duties. Including the powers to direct government, command the Armed Forces, deal with international powers, act as chief law enforcement officer, and vetoing laws. The Judicial branch is comprised of Supreme Court justices and federal judges. There powers are to interpreting the Constitution, reviewing laws, and deciding cases involving states' rights. No one branch is independent of one another. The checks and balance system created for each branch of government is to ensure one branch did not become more powerful than another branch. Each branch has powers it can use to check and balance the operations and powers of the other two branches. There are three branches in the United States government as established by the Constitution. First, the Legislative branch makes the law. It also has checks on the Executive branch such as the override of presidential vetoes with a two-thirds vote. As well as the ability to remove the president through impeachment, approve treaties and other presidential appointments. The Legislative branch can create lower courts, remove judges through impeachment and approve appointed judges for the checks over the Judicial branch. Second, the Executive branch executes the law. Therefore it as the ability to check the Executive branch by freeing the life time appointed judges from their control. Furthermore, through the power of judicial review courts can judge executive and legislative actions to be unconstitutional. Last, the Judicial branch interprets the law. For this purpose they can check the legislative branches veto power, ability to call special sessions of congress, appeal to the people concerning legislation and recommend legislation. Coupled with, the President?s ability to appoint Supreme Courts and other federal judges. The system was meant to keep the three branches in balance and has worked well over the course of America's history. American system of separation of powers checks and balances will forever be the foundation for many countries to strive to accomplish in the future. References: Kelly, Martin About.com American history (2012) http://americanhistory.about.com/od/usconstitution/a/checks_balances.htm Mount, Steve. "Constitutional Topic: Martial Law." USConstitution.net. 30 Nov 2001. usconstitution.net/consttop_mlaw.html (3 Dec 2001)

Assessing If Animal Experimentation Should Continue Sociology Essay

Assessing If Animal Experimentation Should Continue Sociology Essay Pet experimentations have already been thoroughly utilized in items and medical studies screening because the 1980s. Nevertheless, the usage of creatures for items screening and medical studies has just worried about individual advantages. What about your pet rights? Does advantages that are individual usually allow it to be authorized for all of US to intervene your pet rights? The problem whether it's essential and moral to utilize creatures for items screening and sciences continues to be intensely discussed to get a time period. Although Pet Rights Activist recognized animal-rights have been morally intruded by vivisections, Laboratory Animal Study of America National Academy thought pet studies is important in several places. Europeans for Medical Improvement which also other this problem shows dog experimentations unreliable and as ineffective. This composition analyze and may define their sights to be able to develop the author's own stand-over issue of animal experimentations . Laboratory Animal Study of Sciences' U.S. National Academy proposes there are requirements for pet studies to become extended to safeguard people from harmful items and illnesses. These said that contemporary systems for example advanced computers continue to be rare to represent the relationships between microorganisms, cells, areas, areas and substances like vivisection does. Scientists stated the experimentations were completed centered on moral methods defined legally and therefore refuse the problem of cruelty and creatures' misuse included throughout the studies. Additionally they state that many study doesn't include discomfort of course if therefore, the discomfort is relieved with anesthetic or medication medications. Researchers also claim concerning the parallels of people biology and creatures that has permitted them to build up vaccines, new medicines and assist them for more information about our anatomies and just how its purpose. Based on National Association for Labo ratory Animal Science, the information collected are just useless in comprehension people, its does additionally useful in knowing our other along with animals, wildlife creatures also (Utilization Of Creatures in Biomedical Research. n.d. p1). Despite the fact that this problem continues to be intensely discussed to get a very long time, the clear answer to prevent it appears complicated and nevertheless too much. Whilst the notion on animal-rights, integrity, and creatures' survival grows through the years, animals proceeds possibly performed within medical, humanely correct, and moral concepts although getting used in study. This enhancement was developed consequently in the introductions of Manual for that Treatment and Utilization Of Laboratory Animals from the National Research Council (NRC) of America. This manual that worried about animal-rights offers the establishments with short traces to handle the study within moral, gentle, and medical concepts. For example, the launch of three Rs technique - alternative, accomplishment, and decrease - were created whilst the primary principle towards humanely pet scientific tests (National Research Council, 2010). Within the 1950s, researches which concerned separating baby monkeys at-birth from their moms hasbeen completed as a way to look at on maternal starvation. Nevertheless, many researchers have firmly criticized this course of action since it is morally incorrect to test individual mental issues that problem interpersonal, genetic and social factors. Mental dog tests that trigger to animals can be viewed as as inhumane as you will find facts that demonstrated creatures likewise experienced exactly the same selection of feelings as people. Animal Rights Activists thought their to be handled as people is deserved by creatures. Including the best to become guarded from any type of tenderness. As people, creatures ought to be regarded quite simply being in the place of home. German and Europe has had some actions in match this problem. In 1992, Europe has recognized animals to be in the place of issues or home (Kayasse, ELIZABETH, S, n.d), while German additional creatures' safety undernea th the structure in 2002. Europeans for Medical Improvement has its stay to disapprove the usage of creatures in medical studies although Pet Rights Activists compared animal experimentations about animal-rights. Whilst the systems create, you will find more and more physicians and researchers began to claim about the stability of utilizing creatures in medical studies and medicals. The study performed on 2004 has shown the facts that vivisection is unreliable and ineffective. For study can be viewed as as improper anymore development in systems today has created addiction on creatures. Furthermore, newly-developed methods that's affordable has offers persuasive outcomes when compared with animal studies. Rats have already been utilized significantly whilst the most dependable animals within the lab to complete on the study. Nevertheless, it had been documented within the Laboratory Pet journal that rats is really a bad versions in knowledge a way of remedies for common cancers along with the system of disease. It had been confirmed the variations between people along with other creatures in mobile and essential innate, molecular has improbable supply efficient lead to looking for the cancer therapies. Furthermore, the efficient therapy examined on creatures has reflected extreme unwanted effects and bad effectiveness when it's put on people. Since 1987, over 100 HIV vaccine studies have been financed by U.S. National Institute of Sensitivity and Infectious Illnesses in people. Despite the fact that 30 vaccines and over 50 vaccines have shown excellent results against HIV/helps with creatures, the tests has didn't respond in people. The parallels between creatures biology and people has allow the researchers make therapy for individual desires and to discover about illnesses. Nevertheless, this declaration isn't relevant anymore while there is growing study results-which exhibited in looking for the remedy animal experimentations didn't show its stability. This process of study preserve proceeds despite the fact that the restriction of vivisection was confirmed, for many factors. Why animal experimentations continue so far among the most dependable businesses within the area has exposed the reasons. Based on the Medical Research Modernization Board, dog testing is essential particularly in chemical sectors due to their own advantages (Anderegg, D. et al. 2006, p19). It features as authorized refuge for that businesses in instances of clients' reduction and impairment due to substance utilized in these products. The patients don't have any to prosecute from the organization whilst the items were officially recomm ended examined on creatures. Furthermore, dog testing is keeping until nowadays for many reasons that function the scientists' governmental, skilled and financial requirements. Medical study that associated with people often include plenty of time-consuming and costs, normally vivisections can very quickly get submit within short-period of time. Medical contemporary development right now and huge improvement in engineering has allowed the development of options which in a position to exchange animals' usage in medical study. Epidemiological may be the efficient and most dependable reports in determining the fundamental reasons for individual illnesses centered on population documents (Anderegg, D. et al. 2006, p15). The easiest way to review individual illnesses is none but to carefully tracking individuals that are individual. Humane Society of America shows that each year significantly more than twenty five thousand creatures hasbeen employed for training functions, and study, screening. Aside from preserving a large number of creatures' existence, epidemiological reports are far less inconsistent to explain therapy methods, efficient reduction and the systems. It's unnecessary to analyze creatures to find what causes some illnesses out. As options, the development of contemporary noninvasive imaging products for example DOG, MRI, KITTEN and SPECT tests therefore and have changed medical analysis decrease the addiction on creatures for medical study (Anderegg, D. et al. 2006, p16). Additionally, advanced computer-modeling has additionally changed animal tests which usually take decades or weeks for that outcomes which were simply within minutes today. Plus or "Episkin" created by L'Oreal study group possibly may provides some expectations from endure lab tests (Episkin to a large number of numerous creatures: Developing Skin within the Laboratory. 2007). Animal experimentations shouldn't be stored continuing in conclusion, although Laboratory Animal Study of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences proceeds to test on creatures within moral methods for that benefit to find therapy and protect people from dangerous item. Both reasons for Medical Improvement from Animal Rights Activist are tangible and undeniable to rebut the U.S. National Academy of Sciences claims' Laboratory Animal Study. Powerful helps from Medical Research Modernization Board, plus have offers plain details regarding vivisections the truth is. With no doubt, the author thought that pet studies ought to be finished since recently create systems may overcome the restriction of animal experimentations that has today clearly not regarded as reasonable anymore.

A comparitive Study of Clinton's and George Bush's Economic Policies Essay

A comparitive Study of Clinton's and George Bush's Economic Policies - Essay Example Bush supporters argue that Clinton inherited a booming economy on the upswing from the previous Reagan/Bush presidencies then ran it into the ground for which George W. now takes the blame. Many Clinton backers disagree taking the position that the current Bush administration has instituted a faith-based economic policy; that Armageddon will happen soon so it doesn’t matter how the country’s economy is managed. To give total credit or blame to one person for every aspect of the nation’s economic condition is hardly a credible stance. However, this paper will compare the two presidents’ economic policies as they relate directly to the end result in similar categories as a means to compare their successes and failures on an even playing field. To that end, this discussion provides an extensive view of the economy over the previous 12 years spotlighting on percentage changes of several economic indicators rather than total number. The steady creation of employment opportunities is one of the most telling signs of a country’s economic condition. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the number of jobs increased 2.38 percent per year under Clinton, but it has decreased 0.17 percent per year in the years Bush has held office (Atkinson & Hutto, 2004). The Bush administration claimed that the economy was on a downturn following the Clinton presidency then was further hindered by the attacks on the World Trade Center in 2001. Bush sold the idea of tax cuts to the public predicting that this step would help to stimulate the economy by creating 3.7 million jobs in 2003, but produced only 1.7 million, fewer than the number of births in the country that year (Council of Economic Advisors, 2003). By contrast, 22 million jobs were created during the eight years Clinton was in office. The tax cut concept was not based on sound, objective economic analysis, rather it was an ideology borrowed from the equally failed